معرفی رده بندی گسترش پذیر کاتر
CHARLES AMMI CUTTER
Biography
Charles Ammi Cutter, son of Caleb and Hannah Cutter, was born at his father’s house in Boston, Massachusetts on March 14, 1837. As a young man, Cutter enrolled at the Hopkins Classical School to prepare for his education at Harvard College, where he began college in 1851 at the age of 14. Cutter received his A.B. from Harvard in 1855. Between 1855 and 1856, he was unsure of his career path, so he tutored students and enrolled in a mathematics course at Harvard’s Lawrence Scientific Institute before continuing his studies at Harvard Divinity School. In 1859, after completing his studies at the Divinity School, Cutter did preach a few sermons at the First Church in Cambridge, Massachusetts, but he was never formally ordained as a minister. This proved to be good fortune for the library community, as Cutter is an important historical figure in American Library Science.
From 1857 through 1859, while attending Harvard Divinity School, Cutter was a student librarian at the Divinity School library. Cutter and a Harvard graduate student were responsible for cataloging the Library’s original collection. The two created a two volume catalog of the collection. The second volume of the catalog was entirely in Cutter’s clear and legible handwriting. For the next year, Cutter spent another year as a tutor, while working on an independent study.
In 1860, after graduating from Harvard Divinity School, Cutter was appointed Assistant Librarian to Mr. Ezra Abbott at Harvard College Library, where he served until 1868. While at Harvard College Library, he developed a new form of index catalog, using cards instead of published volumes, containing both an author index and a rudimentary form of a subject index.
On January 1, 1869, he began his service as the librarian at the Boston Athenaeum. While at the Boston Athenaeum, Cutter was a pioneer in the field of subject cataloging. Cutter created The Athenaeum Catalog, which was a five volume set, that was published one volume at a time in 1874, 1876, 1878, 1880, and 1882. This catalog served as a model for later dictionary catalogs. In 1875, Cutter created the Rules for a Dictionary Catalog, the first work of its kind, which is a classic work in library science. In 1876, Cutter and 100 or so others founded the American Library Association and the Library Journal, of which he was the editor from 1881 until 1893.
Cutter's most significant contribution to the field of library science was the development of the Expansive Classification system. This system influenced the development of the Library of Congress classification system. As part of his work on this system, he developed a system of alphabetic tables used to abbreviate authors' names. This system of numbers ("Cutter numbers") is still used today in libraries.
From 1894 until his death in 1903, Cutter served as the librarian at the Forbes Library in Northampton, Massachusetts. Cutter built the library from its meager beginnings to over 90,000 carefully and personally selected volumes. Cutter passed away at the age of 66 in Walpole, Massachusetts on September 6, 1903.
Cutter's Expansive Classification System
The Cutter classification has to be the most logical and scholarly of American classifications. Cutter developed this classification system when he was trying to rearrange the collection at the Boston Athenaeum Library. He started to use the Dewey Decimal System, but abandoned that system because he did not like it because it did not afford him the minuteness he desired. Cutter decided instead of using numbers, he would employ the alphabet, so he would have more flexibility for subdivisions. Even then he feared he would have too few subdivisions, so at Dewey's suggestion he added ten classes with numerical notation. While very few libraries adopted this system, the Expansive Classification outline served as a basis for the widely adopted Library of Congress classification system, which also took over some of its features.
The books in Forbes library are arranged in the Cutter Expansive Classification System, which was developed by Charles A. Cutter, the librarian at Forbes from 1894 - 1903.
The following outline of the Cutter Expansive Classification system describes each category and the types of materials you will find in general areas.
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A: General Works |
I: Sociology and Education |
R: Technology/Useful Arts |
|
B: Philosophy, Psychology, and some Religion |
J: Political Science |
S: Constructive Arts - Engineering and Building |
|
C: Christian and Jewish Religions |
K: Law |
T: Handicrafts, Manufacturing, Mechanical Engineering |
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D: Church History |
L: General Sciences |
U: War, Military History |
|
E: Biography |
M: Natural Sciences |
V: Athletics, Recreation, Music, Performing Arts |
|
F: History |
N: Botany |
W: Fine Arts, Art |
|
G: Geography and Travel |
O - P: Zoology |
X: Language |
|
H: Social Sciences |
Q: Medicine |
Y: Literature |
|
Z: Books and Literary History | ||
Cutter's most significant contribution to the field of library science was the development of the Cutter Expansive Classification system. This system influenced the development of the Library of Congress. As part of his work on this system, he developed a system of alphabetic tables used to abbreviate authors' names and generate unique call numbers. This system of numbers ("Cutter numbers") is still used today in libraries.
In 1893, Cutter submitted a letter to the trustees that he would not seek to renew his contract at the end of the year. Fortunately for him, there was an opportunity in Northampton, Massachusetts. Judge Charles E. Forbes left a considerable amount of money to the town to start a library. This was Cutter’s chance to institute his ideas from the ground up. He developed a cataloging system called the expansive classification system. Unfortunately, he died in 1903 before he could finish. It was to have seven levels of classification, each with increasing specificity. Thus small libraries who did not like having to deal with unnecessarily long classification numbers could use lower levels and still be specific enough for their purpose. Larger libraries could use the more specific tables since they needed to be more specific to keep subjects separate. At Forbes, Cutter set up the art and music department and encouraged children of nearby schools to exhibit their art. He also established branch libraries and instituted a traveling library system much like the bookmobile. Today, Charles Ammi Cutter might be surprised to see his own portrait hanging over the reference librarians' desk in the Forbes Library in Northampton. His roll top desk is also in the office currently occupied by the recently elected director of the library.
Charles Cutter died on September 6th, 1903 in Walpole, New Hampshire.
Seven decades after Charles A. Cutter's death, his classification is still being used by a dozen American and Canadian libraries. These libraries are identified and their use of the Cutter classification is briefly discussed.
In order to effectively organize growing library collections, various classification systems have been devised over the years. In 1897 Wesleyan University Library moved from its earlier fixed-shelf location system to the Cutter Expansive Classification System, arranging books by subjects. (Most other libraries adopted the system developed by Charles Cutter's contemporary, Melvil Dewey.)
As knowledge expanded during the 20th century, the Cutter system became increasingly obsolete, and in the late 1960s the Wesleyan library adopted the Library of Congress Classification System for all newly received materials. Soon thereafter many existing holdings were reclassified from Cutter to L.C. The two systems are not always easy to differentiate, since each uses both letters and numbers, and since the Library of Congress incorporated some of Cutter's excellent ideas into its own system. (In most cases, the second line of an L.C. call number contains only numbers, while the second line of a Cutter call number begins with a capital letter, followed by numbers.)
Cutter Expansive Classification System
Some of Wesleyan's older collections are still classified according to the Cutter Expansive Classification System. Examples of Cutter call numbers are G43H.B71 or YYP.S67be. To learn something about the system's history and design.Cutter-classified books without another location symbol, and single oversize (+) Cutter books, are located on the second floor of the Science Library. (These are on all subjects, not just science, and are shelved in Science simply because it offers available shelving space.) Double (++) and triple (+++) oversize Cutter books are shelved on Floor 3A of Olin Library. For all of these, the word 'Cutter' displays as part of the online location. In the card catalog, Cutter is not indicated; you have to recognize the classification.
Many Cutter-classified books may be found in Storage or in Special Collections; their locations are clear in the online catalog, less so in the card catalog. Storage location symbols in the card catalog, often in pencil above the call number, may be numerals from 4 to 9 (indicating compact storage) or the words Angling, Moulton, PAC, or Tateum. Cutter call numbers with other location symbols will be in Special Collections (mostly Closed Stack). To obtain books from any storage collection or from Special Collections, fill out a retrieval request form and leave it at the Olin Circulation Desk or with Special Collections & Archives.
Seven decades after Charles A. Cutter's death, his classification is still being used by a dozen American and Canadian libraries. These libraries are identified and their use of the Cutter classification is briefly discussed. (Author).
هدف رده بندی:
. ایجاد ارتباط منطقی بین یکایک منابع موجود در کتابخانه بر اساس موضوع
دستیابی آسان خواننده به کتاب مورد نظر تا در کوتاهترین زمان ممکن به منابع دسترسی پیدا کند .
در دهه 1880، طی مدتی که دیوئی مشغول تدوین منطقی رده بندی دهدهی خود بود ، همکار قبلی وی،چارلز امی کاتر، تحت فلسفه جاری آن زمان، یعنی "نظام تکاملی در طبیعت" رده بندی جدیدی طراحی کرد.این رده بندی دارای هفت طرح جداگانه ولی به هم پیوسته بود (که آخرین آنها ناتمام ماند). نخستین جدول، تقریباً وسیع بود و فقط هفت رده داشت که هر یک از گسترش ها به رده هایی ریزتر تقسیم می شد با این هدف که در کتابخانه های بزرگ، که هر روز بر تعداد مجموعه آنها افزوده می شد،به کار رود.نشانه های رده های اصلی حروف الفبا و در جدولها اعداد بود، واز یک ویرگول یا نقطه نیز به عنوان علامت استفاده می شد.متاسفانه گسترش های رده بندی گسترش پذیر در نتیجه گسترش مجموعه کتابخانه ها و تغییر زمینه گسترش،باید مرتبا تغییر می یافت و کتابها می بایست مجدداً رده بندی می شد. فقط تعداد محدودی از کتابخانه های آمریکایی از این طرح استفاده کردند و پس از درگذشت طراح آن، این رده بندی تقریباً به طور کامل متروک ماند. نشانه های کاتر و اندیشه او درباره ترتیب موضوع ها، بنا بر اجماع آرای علمی، تاثیری تعیین کننده بر دو طرح رده بندی دیگر آمریکا، یعنی رده بندی کتابخانه کنگره و رده بندی کتابشناختی بلیس داشتند.
کتابخانه هایی که از رده بندی کاتر استفاده می کنند:
vThe Cutter classification, although adopted by comparatively few libraries, most of which were in New England, has been called one of the most logical and scholarly of American classifications. The Cutter classification system is still used by the Boston Athenaeum and the Forbes Library of Northampton, Massachusetts, where Cutter was the librarian from 1894 - 1903. In the early 1970s Wesleyan University switched to the Library of Congress classification. However its storage collections, some 175,000 items, are still classed in Cutter.
vSeven decades after Charles A. Cutter's death, his classification is still being used by a dozen American and Canadian libraries. These libraries are identified and their use of the Cutter classification is briefly discussed.
v. In 1897 Wesleyan University Library moved from its earlier fixed-shelf location system to the Cutter Expansive Classification System, arranging books by subjects. (Most other libraries adopted the system developed by Charles Cutter's contemporary, Melvil Dewey.)
vThe books in Forbes library are arranged in the Cutter Expansive Classification System, which was developed by Charles A. Cutter, the librarian at Forbes from 1894 - 1903.
منابع:
دایره المعارف کتابداری و اطلاع رسانی،جلد اول،رده بندی کاتر
http://en.wikipedia.org
http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/
Wesleyan University Library.edu
